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"!"!"!#!#"#"#"$"$#$#%#%$%$%$&$&%&%'%'%'&'&(& (& (' (' )' )( )( *( *( *) *) +) +) +* ,* ,* ,+ ,+ -+ -+ -, ., ., ., .- /- /- /. 0. 0. 0. 0/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 10 20 20 21 31 31 31 32 42 42 42 53 53 53 54 64 64 64 75 75 75 75 86 86 86 96 97 97 97 :8 :8 :8 :8 ;9 ;9 ;9 <9 <: <: <: =; =; =; >; >< >< >< ?< ?=?=@=@>@>@>A>A?A?A?B?B@B@C@CACACADADBDBEBEBECECFCFCFDGDGDGEGE endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /BitsPerSample 8 /Domain[0 1] /Size[2] /FunctionType 0 /Range[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /Length 8 >> stream GE endstream endobj 10 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#205783#20C/DeviceCMYK 9 0 R] endobj 11 0 obj << /Length 30004 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 63.9173 186.7982 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn 0.029 Tw [(Speech Sound Disorders \(S)20(SD\))]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 172.3013 186.7982 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc (a)Tj 0.842 0 Td 0 Tc 0.029 Tw [(significant delay in the acquisition of ar)-21(ticulate speech sounds. Estimated prevalence of 3.8% in 6-year-old chil-)]TJ -15.79151 -1.24138 TD (dren, with higher rates in younger children.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 204.0911 180.7045 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (5)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 63.9173 164.7983 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn 0.029 Tw (Language Impairment (LI))Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 156.5759 164.7983 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc (a)Tj 0.84199 0 Td 0 Tc 0.029 Tw (developmental language disorder that can affect both expressive and receptive language and impairs the ability to)Tj -13.62248 -1.24138 TD [(understand and/or use words in context. T)20(he estimated prevalence of LI at kindergar)-22(ten is 7)124(.4%.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 377.199 158.7045 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 63.9173 142.7982 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn -0.021 Tc 0.029 Tw [(Reading Disorders \(R)-21(D\))]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 144.5587 142.7982 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0205 Tc (a)Tj 0.80119 0 Td -0.021 Tc 0.029 Tw [(learning disorder that involves significant impairment of reading accuracy)41(, speed, or comprehension to the extent that the)]TJ -11.92414 -1.24138 TD -0.006 Tc [(impairment inter)-21(feres with academic achievement or activities of daily life. T)20(he prevalence rate of R)-21(D is estimated at 5% in school-age children.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 524.3761 136.7045 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (8)Tj ET /CS0 cs 1 scn -18 693 594.002 63 re f /GS2 gs q -18 693 594.002 63 re W n q -576.45679 0 0 63.6805 576.1878 692.6612 cm /Im1 Do Q Q q -18 693 214 63 re W n /CS1 cs 1 scn 157.839 713.8669 m 163.0615 718.718 163.9115 727.1372 y 156.0365 729.2797 149.674 725.1255 v 143.3115 720.9702 138.924 712.5585 y 140.2915 710.819 l 143.9065 710.5955 149.494 706.1132 157.839 713.8669 c f 72.9292 718.7792 m 67.938 713.0505 66.0017 703.762 y 67.7915 702.4607 l 71.3302 703.2285 77.927 700.4357 83.8497 710.1682 c 87.5545 716.2547 86.0812 724.5884 y 77.9208 724.5079 72.9292 718.7792 v f 98.647 755.7944 m 102.352 761.8822 100.8785 770.2148 y 92.7195 770.1342 87.7268 764.4064 v 82.7352 758.6777 80.8005 749.3882 y 82.5887 748.0869 l 86.1287 748.8547 92.7255 746.0629 98.647 755.7944 c f 18.8607 742.9185 m 21.6537 745.2257 28.796 745.7712 29.5932 757.1347 c 30.0925 764.2441 24.9593 770.9716 y 17.7462 767.1569 15.9395 759.7751 v 14.133 752.3959 16.6745 743.2554 y 18.8607 742.9185 l f /CS0 cs 1 scn 7.103 753.1237 m -0.2958 724.7604 l -9.2215 729.8107 -16.1087 733.8242 v 9.3342 718.5299 l 7.103 721.0617 l 7.103 753.1237 l f 177.6665 707.3424 m 182.8865 712.1935 183.7365 720.6127 y 175.8615 722.7549 169.5015 718.601 v 163.139 714.4457 158.749 706.0337 y 160.1165 704.2942 l 163.7315 704.071 169.319 699.5897 177.6665 707.3424 c f 92.756 712.2545 m 87.7632 706.5257 85.8285 697.2374 y 87.6167 695.9362 l 91.157 696.704 97.7535 693.9109 103.6752 703.6437 c 107.38 709.7312 105.9078 718.0637 y 97.7475 717.9832 92.756 712.2545 v f 118.474 749.2697 m 122.179 755.3574 120.7065 763.6912 y 112.5447 763.6107 107.5532 757.882 v 102.562 752.1532 100.627 742.8647 y 102.4155 741.5635 l 105.9542 742.3301 112.551 739.5385 118.474 749.2697 c f 38.6875 736.3939 m 41.4802 738.7009 48.6227 739.2466 49.4197 750.6102 c 49.9177 757.7195 44.786 764.4479 y 37.573 760.6322 35.765 753.2517 v 33.9585 745.8715 36.501 736.7307 y 38.6875 736.3939 l f 10.4013 755.0462 m 13.1942 757.3532 20.3365 757.8977 21.1337 769.2614 c 21.633 776.3707 16.5 783.0993 y 9.2867 779.2833 7.48 771.903 v 5.6735 764.5225 8.215 755.3819 y 10.4013 755.0462 l f 0 0 0 0 k -95.64 610.6737 m -93.6418 612.2312 -74.5915 619.3944 -62.2745 623.8279 c -61.8375 623.9854 -61.5237 624.3724 -61.4603 624.8315 c -61.3955 625.2914 -61.5923 625.7491 -61.9692 626.0202 c -104.7453 656.6954 l -104.2375 656.3317 -104.0762 655.6505 -104.3668 655.0986 c -104.656 654.5457 -105.3093 654.2917 -105.8963 654.5029 c -75.4533 643.5582 l -75.4995 643.5752 -75.5447 643.5947 -75.5888 643.6167 c -68.3708 640.0072 -40.2933 619.2759 -40.0112 619.066 c -39.639 618.7911 -39.147 618.7449 -38.7295 618.944 c -38.312 619.1429 -38.04 619.5555 -38.0193 620.017 c -36.7862 648.3799 l -36.802 648.0052 -36.9865 647.6572 -37.288 647.4327 c -37.5882 647.2079 -37.974 647.1312 -38.3378 647.2214 c -33.405 645.9885 l -33.947 646.124 -34.3338 646.6027 -34.3523 647.1605 c -33.118 608.9329 l -33.1083 608.6205 -32.9825 608.3237 -32.764 608.1005 c 15.3292 558.7742 l 15.6222 558.4739 16.0445 558.3409 16.4572 558.4189 c 16.8685 558.496 17.214 558.7755 17.3762 559.1624 c 21.511 568.989 22.0027 660.7127 22.021 664.6129 c 22.0222 664.8729 21.943 665.1254 21.794 665.3379 c 20.7003 666.8954 -5.0552 703.5435 -8.7883 707.2764 c -11.2613 709.7495 -17.8128 709.2687 -27.5273 708.2517 c -31.8803 707.7964 -36.3798 707.3252 -38.1168 707.7597 c -37.5858 707.6266 -37.2038 707.1642 -37.172 706.6185 c -37.1415 706.0714 -37.4685 705.5687 -37.9813 705.377 c -15.3983 713.8547 l -14.7525 714.0964 -14.4255 714.8179 -14.6683 715.4637 c -14.91 716.1107 -15.6315 716.4377 -16.2773 716.1949 c -38.8603 707.7172 l -39.3718 707.5254 -39.6988 707.0212 -39.6683 706.4757 c -39.6365 705.9299 -39.2545 705.4674 -38.7235 705.3342 c -36.5593 704.7934 -32.2525 705.244 -27.2673 705.7652 c -20.9805 706.4232 -12.371 707.324 -10.557 705.5089 c -7.6908 702.6439 10.5197 677.0385 19.7482 663.9012 c 19.5992 664.1124 19.52 664.3662 19.521 664.6249 c 19.3625 631.7624 18.2272 567.6317 15.0717 560.1317 c 15.234 560.5175 15.5795 560.7969 15.9907 560.8749 c 16.4035 560.9532 16.8257 560.8202 17.1188 560.5199 c -30.9745 609.8459 l -30.756 609.6215 -30.6303 609.3247 -30.6205 609.0134 c -31.8535 647.241 l -31.8705 647.8002 -32.2575 648.2787 -32.7995 648.413 c -37.7323 649.647 l -38.096 649.7385 -38.4817 649.6605 -38.7833 649.4359 c -39.0835 649.2112 -39.268 648.8635 -39.2837 648.4885 c -40.5168 620.1254 l -40.4973 620.5882 -40.2238 621.0007 -39.8063 621.1997 c -39.39 621.3987 -38.8968 621.3512 -38.5257 621.0764 c -39.6868 621.9359 -67.0598 642.147 -74.4705 645.8529 c -74.5145 645.8749 -74.561 645.8945 -74.6072 645.9105 c -105.0505 656.8552 l -105.6375 657.0665 -106.2895 656.8124 -106.58 656.2607 c -106.8705 655.709 -106.708 655.0267 -106.2015 654.6642 c -63.427 623.988 l -63.804 624.259 -63.9995 624.7167 -63.936 625.1767 c -63.8725 625.6357 -63.5588 626.0227 -63.1218 626.1802 c -66.2968 625.0377 -94.224 614.9471 -97.1768 612.6449 c -97.7213 612.2202 -97.819 611.4354 -97.3943 610.8896 c -96.9692 610.3464 -96.1845 610.249 -95.64 610.6737 c f -33.7955 738.6484 m -30.1005 736.1839 -11.4653 725.6369 -10.673 725.1889 c -10.3348 724.9974 -9.9283 724.9742 -9.5707 725.1255 c -9.213 725.2769 -8.9458 725.5857 -8.848 725.9617 c -1.4493 754.3247 l -1.608 753.7157 -2.194 753.3202 -2.8178 753.3995 c -3.4415 753.4799 -3.909 754.0109 -3.909 754.6397 c -3.909 722.5779 l -3.909 722.3532 -3.848 722.1337 -3.7333 721.9395 c 19.697 682.4789 l 20.0485 681.8845 20.8163 681.6892 21.4095 682.0419 c 22.0027 682.3949 22.1993 683.1614 21.8465 683.7547 c -1.5835 723.2164 l -1.4688 723.0234 -1.409 722.8024 -1.409 722.5779 c -1.409 754.6397 l -1.409 755.2684 -1.8765 755.7994 -2.5003 755.8799 c -3.1243 755.9592 -3.71 755.5637 -3.8688 754.9559 c -11.2675 726.5927 l -11.1698 726.9674 -10.9025 727.2764 -10.5448 727.4277 c -10.187 727.5792 -9.7795 727.5559 -9.4425 727.3642 c -9.6353 727.4742 -28.7895 738.3152 -32.4088 740.7285 c -32.9837 741.1107 -33.759 740.9557 -34.1423 740.3819 c -34.5255 739.8069 -34.3705 739.0317 -33.7955 738.6484 c f 25.7197 684.3199 m 26.954 736.1132 l 26.9405 735.5857 26.5988 735.1232 26.0995 734.956 c 33.4982 737.4229 l 33.1235 737.2984 32.712 737.3582 32.3872 737.584 c 32.0637 737.8099 31.866 738.1749 31.854 738.5704 c 33.0868 699.1086 l 33.1087 698.4189 33.685 697.877 34.3747 697.8977 c 35.0655 697.9197 35.6075 698.4972 35.5855 699.1867 c 34.3528 738.6484 l 34.3405 739.0427 34.1415 739.4089 33.818 739.6347 c 33.4932 739.8607 33.082 739.9192 32.7072 739.7947 c 25.3085 737.3276 l 24.8092 737.1617 24.4675 736.699 24.454 736.173 c 23.221 684.3797 l 23.2052 683.6899 23.7507 683.1162 24.4405 683.1005 c 25.1315 683.0832 25.704 683.6302 25.721 684.3199 c 25.7197 684.3199 l f 65.2902 650.3257 m 71.174 660.2842 l 71.052 660.0767 70.8725 659.9094 70.6565 659.802 c 142.1815 695.5637 l 142.3415 695.6444 142.484 695.7589 142.599 695.9007 c 147.5315 702.0665 l 147.884 702.5084 147.8965 703.1322 147.5615 703.5875 c 147.2265 704.0439 146.6265 704.2175 146.1015 704.011 c 67.1762 673.1835 l 67.6255 673.3579 68.1345 673.2602 68.486 672.9307 c 68.8362 672.6024 68.9682 672.1007 68.823 671.6417 c 76.2228 695.072 l 76.4157 695.686 76.1117 696.3474 75.5197 696.599 c 74.9265 696.8505 74.2402 696.6111 73.9315 696.046 c 35.704 625.7567 l 35.3745 625.15 35.599 624.3907 36.2057 624.0599 c 36.8112 623.7302 37.5705 623.9549 37.9 624.5615 c 76.1287 694.851 l 75.8212 694.2857 75.134 694.0464 74.542 694.2979 c 73.9485 694.5507 73.6447 695.2109 73.8387 695.825 c 66.4387 672.395 l 66.2947 671.9359 66.4255 671.4342 66.777 671.1057 c 67.1285 670.7762 67.6375 670.6785 68.0855 670.8542 c 147.009 701.6832 l 146.4815 701.477 145.884 701.6502 145.5465 702.1067 c 145.214 702.562 145.2265 703.186 145.579 703.6277 c 140.6465 697.4619 l 140.759 697.6035 140.9015 697.7182 141.064 697.799 c 69.5382 662.0385 l 69.3235 661.9297 69.144 661.7624 69.0217 661.5549 c 63.1367 651.5977 l 62.7865 651.0032 62.983 650.238 63.5775 649.8862 c 64.172 649.5347 64.9385 649.7324 65.2902 650.3257 c f 38.4382 631.179 m 38.0525 688.0577 l 38.0538 687.7914 37.9707 687.5314 37.8145 687.3167 c 63.7117 723.0784 l 63.6507 722.9955 63.5813 722.9197 63.5017 722.8536 c 89.7835 744.8959 l 90.2707 745.3049 90.3732 746.0129 90.0227 746.5439 c 89.6725 747.0737 88.9802 747.257 88.414 746.9687 c 57.1992 731.0912 l 57.5705 731.2792 58.011 731.2704 58.375 731.0679 c 58.7387 730.8652 58.978 730.4955 59.012 730.0804 c 56.545 759.6762 l 56.4925 760.3074 55.9775 760.7994 55.345 760.8214 c 54.7115 760.8444 54.1622 760.3904 54.0645 759.7654 c 47.8987 720.3049 l 47.9292 720.4966 48.0037 720.6797 48.116 720.8384 c 35.7845 703.574 l 35.3842 703.0124 35.5135 702.2312 36.0762 701.8297 c 36.6377 701.4292 37.4178 701.5587 37.8195 702.1215 c 50.151 719.3845 l 50.2645 719.5432 50.339 719.7264 50.3682 719.918 c 56.5353 759.3797 l 56.4375 758.7547 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109.7787 750.1364 c 113.6837 756.5537 112.2373 765.0659 112.1737 765.4247 c 112.0675 766.0266 111.5415 766.4635 110.931 766.4575 c 110.5745 766.4537 102.148 766.3011 96.8478 760.2194 c 91.7012 754.3124 89.7225 745.028 89.6407 744.6359 c 89.4992 743.9597 89.9337 743.2982 90.6087 743.1564 c 91.285 743.0162 91.9467 743.4494 92.0883 744.1257 c f 56.9993 757.1555 m 56.9993 757.1555 l 56.9747 757.2435 54.5675 766.079 56.2727 773.0455 c 57.9195 779.7704 64.5992 783.3984 64.6665 783.435 c 64.1255 783.1469 63.458 783.2933 63.0855 783.7805 c 63.1332 783.7181 67.9257 777.3278 67.4668 770.7885 c 66.8942 762.6389 62.9513 760.6237 59.7835 759.0037 c 58.818 758.5117 57.9073 758.0454 57.1847 757.4485 c 56.6525 757.0092 56.578 756.2217 57.0175 755.6895 c 57.457 755.1572 58.2442 755.0817 58.7765 755.521 c 59.288 755.9434 60.0447 756.3304 60.9212 756.7784 c 64.2537 758.4812 69.2893 761.0544 69.9605 770.6139 c 70.4855 778.1078 65.295 785.0072 65.074 785.2966 c 64.703 785.7823 64.0352 785.9288 63.4957 785.6432 c 63.1807 785.4772 55.7637 781.4745 53.8447 773.64 c 51.982 766.0302 54.4833 756.8724 54.5907 756.4854 c 54.775 755.8202 55.4648 755.4319 56.13 755.6162 c 56.7952 755.8017 57.1847 756.4902 56.9993 757.1555 c f 27.9427 738.5815 m 27.9427 738.5815 l 27.9183 738.6692 25.511 747.5035 27.2165 754.4699 c 28.8645 761.1962 35.5428 764.8242 35.61 764.8608 c 35.0692 764.5714 34.4015 764.7191 34.0292 765.2062 c 34.0767 765.1427 38.868 758.7535 38.4103 752.2142 c 37.839 744.0634 33.895 742.0482 30.726 740.4294 c 29.7615 739.9365 28.851 739.4712 28.1283 738.8754 c 27.596 738.4349 27.5215 737.6474 27.961 737.1152 c 28.4005 736.5829 29.188 736.5074 29.72 736.9469 c 30.2315 737.3692 30.9885 737.7562 31.8637 738.2029 c 35.1962 739.9057 40.2327 742.4789 40.9042 752.0385 c 41.429 759.5334 36.2387 766.4318 36.0178 766.7224 c 35.6465 767.2081 34.979 767.3546 34.4393 767.069 c 34.1245 766.903 26.7075 762.9002 24.7885 755.0645 c 22.9257 747.4547 25.427 738.2982 25.5342 737.9124 c 25.7187 737.2472 26.4082 736.8577 27.0735 737.042 c 27.739 737.2277 28.127 737.916 27.9427 738.5815 c f -0.3435 757.2324 m -0.3435 757.2324 -0.3423 757.2324 v -0.3665 757.3204 -2.7738 766.1559 -1.0685 773.1225 c 0.5782 779.8474 7.2567 783.4752 7.3237 783.5118 c 6.783 783.2238 6.1152 783.3703 5.7443 783.8573 c 5.792 783.7951 10.5832 777.4047 10.1242 770.8654 c 9.5527 762.7147 5.6088 760.7004 2.441 759.0807 c 1.4767 758.5874 0.5647 758.1224 -0.1565 757.5267 c -0.6888 757.0872 -0.7645 756.2987 -0.3238 755.7664 c 0.1155 755.2342 0.903 755.1597 1.4352 755.5992 c 1.9467 756.0202 2.7022 756.4072 3.5787 756.8539 c 6.9113 758.5569 11.948 761.1302 12.618 770.6909 c 13.1442 778.1835 7.9525 785.0842 7.7315 785.3734 c 7.3605 785.8593 6.694 786.0058 6.1533 785.7202 c 5.8382 785.5541 -1.5788 781.5514 -3.4965 773.717 c -5.3605 766.1071 -2.8593 756.9492 -2.7518 756.5635 c -2.5662 755.8982 -1.8778 755.509 -1.2125 755.6932 c -0.5473 755.8787 -0.1578 756.5672 -0.3435 757.2324 c f Q Q /GS2 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 18.999 0 0 19 239.4173 728.4066 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (S)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 17.999 0 0 18 249.6744 728.4066 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.051 Tc [(chuber)30(t)]TJ ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 18.999 0 0 19 324.5767 728.4066 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (C)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 17.999 0 0 18 338.7673 728.4066 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.051 Tc (enter)Tj ET Q q BT /F3 1 Tf 71.998 0 0 72 396.2108 722.8328 Tm /CS1 cs 0.5 scn 0.009 Tc (for)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 18.999 0 0 19 422.6577 709.3832 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (C)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 17.999 0 0 18 436.8485 709.3832 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.051 Tc (hild)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 18.999 0 0 19 479.7829 709.3832 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (S)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 17.999 0 0 18 490.0401 709.3832 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.051 Tc (tudies)Tj ET Q /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 36.9173 671.8868 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.026 Tw (Policy Brief 11 | April 2008)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F5 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 396.3206 671.8868 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.026 Tw [(A Series of Resear)20(ch and Policy Publications of)]TJ 3.32681 -1.26316 TD (The Schubert Center for Child Studies)Tj 4.11657 -1.26316 TD (College of Arts and Sciences)Tj -1.78021 -1.26316 TD [(Case W)85(ester)-12(n Reser)-10(ve University)]TJ ET /CS1 cs 0.4 scn 35.998 116.997 540.002 495.003 re f Q /GS2 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 18.999 0 0 19 63.9173 576.9792 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn 0.029 Tc 0.029 Tw [(T)20(he Role of Genetics in Speech, Language, and Reading)]TJ 0 -1.10526 TD (Disorders among Children)Tj ET Q /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 63.9173 526.931 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (Speech, language and reading disorders are among the most)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD -0.006 Tc (common disorders in the United States, affecting one of every)Tj T* 0 Tc [(ten people. In 2)20(0)1(0)41(1)41(-2)19(002, more than one million students in)]TJ 0 -1.44444 TD [(special education prog)-21(rams in public schools in the U)-21(S were)]TJ T* (identified as having a speech or language impairment.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 4.5 0 0 4.5 267.8837 478.4936 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 63.9173 453.9311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 Tc 0.029 Tw (In children, speech, language and reading disorders may have)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD 0 Tc [(significant shor)-21(t and long term effects on well-being. Students)]TJ T* (with communication disorders often encounter academic dif)Tj 25.22301 0 TD (-)Tj -25.22301 -1.44445 TD (ficulties with language, reading and spelling; but research also)Tj T* (suggests that these disorders can lead to general academic)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD (difficulties that may be long lasting.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 4.5 0 0 4.5 196.1008 392.4936 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 201.6138 388.9311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw [(However)41(, early identifica-)]TJ -15.29961 -1.44444 TD (tion of communication disorders and appropriate intervention)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD [(can g)-21(reatly improve a child\325s future outcomes.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 4.5 0 0 4.5 237.6578 366.4936 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 63.9173 341.9311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (T)Tj 0.48021 0 TD 0.029 Tw (here are many types of speech, language and reading disor)Tj 24.91439 0 TD (-)Tj -25.3946 -1.44445 TD (ders; among children, speech sound disorders are the most)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD [(prevalent. T)20(hey occur when there is a significant delay in the)]TJ T* (acquisition of ar)Tj 6.64291 0.00001 TD (ticulate speech sounds and may be associat)Tj 18.49323 0 TD (-)Tj -25.13614 -1.44446 TD (ed with a limitation in the motor skills needed to produce)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD [(speech sounds or with phonolog)-21(ical errors \(i.e. how speech)]TJ T* (sounds are represented in the brain\). Speech sound disor-)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD (ders occur most often in young children, with a prevalence of)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD [(about 1)41(6% in children at age three.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 4.5 0 0 4.5 198.6421 241.4936 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 204.1551 237.9311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (By age six, this number)Tj -15.58198 -1.44445 TD (has declined to 3.8% but of these children, about half will)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD (have later academic difficulties.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 4.5 0 0 4.5 180.7661 215.4936 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (5)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 63.9173 190.9311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (Childhood speech sound disorders may have life-long effects.)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD [(As adults, individuals who repor)-21(t a history of childhood)]TJ T* (speech sound disorders continue to do worse on measures)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD (of communication and language skills than do adults without)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD [(this history)41(. Moreover)40(, adults with a history of these disorders)]TJ 27.89808 26.88889 TD (complete fewer years of schooling and require more remedi-)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD (al services. Speech sound disorders can also affect employ-)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD (ment because jobs often require communication skills and)Tj T* (value the use of information and communication technolo)Tj 24.43924 0 TD (-)Tj -24.43924 -1.44445 TD [(g)-21(ies. Research has shown that adults with a history of speech)]TJ 0 -1.44444 TD (sound disorders often hold jobs that require fewer of these)Tj T* (types of skills.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 4.5 0 0 4.5 366.7247 306.4936 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (6)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 315 281.9311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (It is critically impor)Tj 7.73311 0 TD (tant to gain a better understanding of)Tj -7.73311 -1.44445 TD (these disorders so early identification and intervention can)Tj T* [(take place. W)20(hile communication disorders may be related to)]TJ T* (other disabilities or syndromes, in most cases the causes are)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD (unknown. T)Tj 4.86475 0.00001 TD (heir long term social, educational and economic)Tj -4.86475 -1.44445 TD (consequences, combined with unknown etiolog)Tj 20.03878 0.00001 TD (y)Tj 0.39721 0.00001 TD (, are strong)Tj -20.436 -1.44446 TD (justifications for the pursuit of research including family and)Tj 0 -1.44444 TD (genetic studies. Such studies aim to understand more about)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD (the underlying risk factors that may influence these complex)Tj T* [(disorders. Researchers at Case W)20(estern Reserve University)]TJ 0 -1.44444 TD (are exploring the role of genetics and heredity in communica-)Tj 0 -1.44445 TD (tion disorders such as speech sound disorders.)Tj ET 0.5 w /CS0 CS 1 SCN 575.9985 36.25 m 35.9985 36.25 l S 575.9985 102.25 m 35.9985 102.25 l S Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 6.141 0 0 6.141 36.9982 88.1061 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.087 Tc (TH)Tj 1.44558 0.00001 TD 0.029 Tw (E S)Tj 1.6873 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (CH)Tj 1.52833 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (U)Tj 0.79637 0.00001 TD (B)Tj 0.75437 0.00001 TD 0.087 Tc 0.029 Tw (ERT CENTER FOR CH)Tj 11.00922 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (I)Tj 0.42135 0.00001 TD 0.087 Tc [(LD S)20(TU)-21(DI)-21(E)19(S)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.1 0 0 7.1 186.5339 88.1061 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.012 Tc 0.029 Tw (in the College of Ar)Tj 8.37113 0.00001 TD (ts and Sciences at Case W)Tj 11.33672 0.00001 TD (estern Reserve University promotes multidisciplinary research on children and )Tj -40.76921 -1.39909 TD [(childhood. Our goal is to build and enhance connections among research, policy)41(, and educational initiatives at the University and with the community)40(. T)20(he Schuber)-21(t Center\325s )]TJ 0 -1.39906 TD (focus is on children and childhood from infancy through adolescence in local, national, and international contexts.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 36.9982 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 Tc 0.029 Tw (Jill E. K)Tj 2.81685 0.00001 TD (orbin, Ph.D.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 94.0092 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.04 Tc (DI)Tj 1.01919 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (R)Tj 0.62345 0.00001 TD (E)Tj 0.54203 0.00001 TD 0.04 Tc (CT)Tj 1.12366 0.00001 TD (OR)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 125.8652 55.8283 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (|)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 131.1721 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 Tc 0.029 Tw (Molly Irwin, M.P)Tj 6.42496 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (.H.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 187.6293 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.04 Tc (DI)Tj 1.01919 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (R)Tj 0.62345 0.00001 TD (E)Tj 0.54203 0.00001 TD 0.04 Tc (CT)Tj 1.12368 0.00001 TD 0.041 Tc 0.029 Tw (OR, CH)Tj 3.37666 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (I)Tj 0.29046 0.00001 TD 0.041 Tc (LD POLICY I)Tj 5.54718 0.00001 TD 0 Tw [(N)-21(ITIA)82(TIVE)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 293.3543 55.8283 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (|)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 298.6612 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 Tc 0.029 Tw (Eileen Anderson-Fye, Ed.D.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 380.2256 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.035 Tc (ASS)Tj 1.68882 0.00001 TD (OCIA)Tj 2.1812 0.00001 TD 0.029 Tw (TE DI)Tj 2.45454 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (R)Tj 0.61763 0.00001 TD (E)Tj 0.53621 0.00001 TD 0.035 Tc 0 Tw (CT)Tj 1.11202 0.00001 TD 0.034 Tc (OR)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 444.131 55.8283 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (|)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 449.4379 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 Tc 0.029 Tw (Elizabeth Shor)Tj 5.86582 0.00001 TD (t, Ph.D.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 515.0763 55.3261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.035 Tc (ASS)Tj 1.68882 0.00001 TD (OCIA)Tj 2.18121 0.00001 TD 0.029 Tw (TE DI)Tj 2.45452 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (R)Tj 0.61763 0.00001 TD (E)Tj 0.53622 0.00001 TD 0.035 Tc 0 Tw (CT)Tj 1.11201 0.00001 TD 0.034 Tc (OR)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 36.9982 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (Jessica McRitchie)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 90.8647 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.046 Tc (ADM)Tj 2.22337 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (I)Tj 0.29628 0.00001 TD (N)Tj 0.75548 0.00001 TD (I)Tj 0.29628 0.00001 TD 0.046 Tc [(S)19(TR)-21(A)81(T)61(OR)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 141.0258 45.8948 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (|)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 146.3327 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (Gayle Channing T)Tj 7.31049 0.00001 TD (enenbaum, M.S.W)Tj 7.57223 0.00001 TD (.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 256.5807 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (C)Tj 0.63062 0.00001 TD 0.046 Tc (ON)Tj 1.5308 0.00001 TD 0.047 Tc (SU)Tj 1.30206 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (L)Tj 0.40187 0.00001 TD 0.046 Tc [(T)81(ANT)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 297.7984 45.8948 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (|)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 303.1053 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (Donald F)Tj 3.75975 0.00001 TD (reedheim, Ph.D.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 380.6602 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.046 Tc (FOU)Tj 2.01416 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (N)Tj 0.75549 0.00001 TD 0.046 Tc (DI)Tj 1.03083 0.00001 TD 0.029 Tw (NG DI)Tj 2.86774 0.00001 TD 0 Tw [(R)-21(E)19(CT)61(OR)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 447.0803 45.8948 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (|)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 7.086 0 0 7.086 452.3872 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw (Michelle McT)Tj 5.44893 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (ygue)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 6.081 0 0 6.081 508.3437 45.3928 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.047 Tc (DESIGN)Tj ET /CS1 cs 0.15 scn 313.998 403.663 235.002 143.337 re f Q /GS2 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 324.9173 530.2983 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn 0.026 Tw [(Speech Sound Disorders)-260(\(S)19(SD\):)]TJ ET Q /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 432.5827 530.2983 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.026 Tw (A significant delay in the acquisi-)Tj -14.8504 -1.31035 TD -0.0001 Tc (t)Tj 0.31288 -0.00001 TD 0 Tc 0.045 Tw [(ion of ar)-21(ticulate speech sounds. Estimated prevalence of 3.8% in)]TJ -0.31288 -1.31033 TD 0.029 Tw (6-year-old children, with higher rates in younger children.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 511.3379 514.2045 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (5)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 324.9173 496.7982 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn 0.197 Tw [(Language Impairment)-373((LI):)]TJ ET Q /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 420.1787 496.7982 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.197 Tw (A developmental language disorder)Tj -13.1395 -1.31034 TD -0.016 Tw (that can affect both expressive and receptive language and impairs)Tj 0 -1.31035 TD -0.018 Tc 0.011 Tw [(the ability to understand and/or use words in context. T)20(he estimated)]TJ 0 -1.31034 TD 0 Tc 0.029 Tw (prevalence of LI at kindergar)Tj 12.73973 0 TD (ten is 7)Tj 3.22579 0 TD 0 Tw (.4%.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 454.8571 471.2045 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 324.9173 453.7983 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn 0.084 Tw [(Reading Disorders)-259(\(R)-21(D\):)]TJ ET Q /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 409.2313 453.7983 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.084 Tw (A learning disorder that involves signifi-)Tj -11.62952 -1.31034 TD 0.038 Tw [(cant impairment of reading accuracy)41(, speed, or comprehension to)]TJ T* 0.08 Tw [(the extent that the impairment inter)-21(feres with academic achieve-)]TJ 0 -1.31035 TD -0.018 Tc 0.027 Tw [(ment or activities of daily life. T)20(he prevalence rate of R)-21(D is estimated)]TJ 0 -1.31034 TD 0 Tc 0.029 Tw (at 5% in school-age children.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 419.6751 418.7045 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (8)Tj /F7 1 Tf 1 0 0 1 -1000 1792 Tm 1 g -0.292 Tc ( )Tj /F8 1 Tf ( )Tj /F9 1 Tf ( )Tj /F10 1 Tf -0.259 Tc ( )Tj /F11 1 Tf ( )Tj /F12 1 Tf -0.254 Tc ( )Tj /F13 1 Tf -0.00397 0 Td -0.113 Tc ( )Tj /F14 1 Tf -0.287 Tc ( )Tj /F15 1 Tf -0.278 Tc ( )Tj /F16 1 Tf -0.25 Tc ( )Tj /F17 1 Tf -0.292 Tc ( )Tj /F18 1 Tf 0 Tc ( )Tj ET Q endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /Width 175 /ColorSpace/DeviceCMYK /Filter/DCTDecode /Height 244 /Subtype/Image /Type/XObject /Length 12698 /BitsPerComponent 8 >> stream JFIFAdobeeC  $, !$4.763.22:ASF:=N>22HbINVX]^]8EfmeZlS[]YC**Y;2;YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY"" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz?kuҗglOא2 h_5tefUXK/^][ط(|FGq[oq]8PUу/Ph+8槑mZ&cg\F%d"C*n{޷4ׂ` ܃O6-%1:EMKxe ֊,pDz5ھax(CW\[P@uhf7W4X>Ǖz|ÓEtz^Ţ"󀣞{Q "&˅w0,1ȲUsT=tvR{:Wu,iD$ BTn.6򢎦!Y`lHco]keU O$ԆJbI6Q"K5YY|U30xUEsXZyc߽*5's,FaNo/-cT6\YZmG?⼷Œ!*/qurYGj7.u'EhQb 5ܛd21.2?:I/U3/iזm!F'kNKyhJP&ߗ/Ys#H+\ګHia񰗹\SXB[3;$R\` ftPO?J*խnSƻWfib1⦳-#hv?U6.քr=^iKm3V2꿵4HMh'ԊцN!$Oz#FeP1稭KU:xY㹉>;3N(KFTdbvv nyr啭s@ÞWگhRxc\g)BJ;g%kؼrK(9BOWe&SFA+3ۓé9Nj?4_)tEjr]I'؄dX/`}+b ϵZ$&UnAwcdS#ڨv(\qgϨDL}8]Yi[6b{XʍQۚ][FQdՆp2vcX9P֖5X,H'j 5Mz.F iQ~إgⷍb[hzVmK[uJHnV﷭EGs%|S>ܨۃʸ׭<1nLS*ֹ7Q򭎏fE&5Ek:ߥp֥1գ]y|0I*ɫ2囦ڰ/'ʼ)riʳ!#|Ӱι2իZ«2⇴ǩ1n$Z7Ұnײ´ڐٱێқ))J"-;<2ou&h2lrڷ'/g%5'8Ӕ})#8R/^WKg X'5wa%e=hei{WYUZ Gjf#SPK]JT#1+ҵy6e~\9)RAoiF7Cx"ӵ8.g[kKyR5RKO4FU"^R o_ڬvV ubŎqĈTUU};M( ɫMAlsJUZߖƪ|+:*C#j.J}Y&BU5k)wČNVyەץHT\/'^ZӖQB 5&_Y$܀dsTQ"5brV&Y>IvzlWN{{ m(pWҖ^$ y')XJ2-zCyV$@"n?Z5˓e`2Oydlk35ޣ%c;vsPOޣl{U~3riqXJ*)F;3w)ZY"A _Π+kjDIgj/v@ɬ>s|d":5R󷅫R̬΀EQA J$N҄# V:J뛼a\՛\µ572Z~HmkIS?JɺHV.i%B]ʢE'x+ӻ>:Ϋ4ڕrǶ**xF(ʧ$ǫzռ媰<㑚ԉ㺈!)D[gzұdzWV>srR9N+R㼄@xɩm1J;UKS đc}W* z'7^k(8ћKf9|(vo}d#FT*.?jIe;$RB+FHCUJuEki3ʐjwF6]Yn#ؿgg~Q[?ݣud8*r+5$6*+ҹZ)d %:uΌpZ9v틧Gj# }eƤnSP@ʣpaOn ];X 3^mR[{I S^">_}){Sguj) +15*0Jw?8=**$*ڀmT'r4$M k|wQObVk%nEQ[;+ 3!ȏqٜmM C`R[~)$Ǵ5II- ^Uzz}Ea9I#M6>ᣵv*! %l[7f?㿷 nZ4ܲ7ONX_Q#dp4Dݼi/*\he=}1YmQEA̅A ~Uiu{xU_ȁ"OEj,AFS%TUB:jϵJE6c8œ"V{J+3wcք(U(p۽x1X2pllWҲo4yEhMZ̺gxZqmI;|>wدw'˅= RJK1EYPi3_YmN1ES r* i5ӄJ͝ T!.[QEo#-dL%tU>]g.}jA >(]ϣyH]ɏoj jE HOfB>Pk-NV W I;Öwm㰕-ʂy#Hg G;VRsGE.k1{WS~e=yԌMie:΁gTAFbJWК&vΨ ʧ/ 3ܰOPGk#$zRzg҇C z-cބ^ߥIj]>H Zi چTܼ='T`ןRxhO^dPc6g4gB*x#5NWPm[ sWZ<lYHQx\!FG*JΑaWn~GNɵЧE)ISRUGXd9FѮ퍃ڸ1;;Z:fJ/_C] j>YlS~IpEw~מFDd۷gHﱮ6 cgȯ${!d ȩS$WVSҕ`xikHTzѸ52HCq7/嚺9#˸l<䐲9Rrc8/ӿV%ִw|ʙbHWZ +>.AXJcW4Q69mzd(_ST+yyon'7J!RizzBji0;ݢQ=[;a~Z :NGn@tTmT2q,l^梔$&nՏd;fYՏt;MO(i o֠&_1٫,3U"R>7JRs[n{tz軮 <(=j 6YZsIw^=6Y7sO"#Rȶ.vz ZY*ORשI-m1ZDʟB.&vy&ʲI&)B b;Uݘ:Ytx)yeN}딊V/8H=ǥRLLу SΗ/z)G==VVC¯KcROzk)XȢ/]";@kYp $1y]}h cS?sWf/;sħ`&WK٨I'J)6q>'djԏZ⥋&86"ɯs6.q,,OTUͱl21²=ֺ{8F4;Գ$bdý3N2<Ƥc)O4WMđ|X/O[wǾ5!vZ4("X#źr@„9If}Xܵt70 'anqHs ף}-b,$=>kI/h(p@_^),ۇڧtv)\rj;j7Brϧcv`YkON{^udon}6Z+"Um~P3QOQ&`QrB͟Or}*m&n|yWךwNAҚXTusP*~&-@O$47WSչPI~~f11Akϙuw @Yݝ,<[&az(Ri m[(.SqL,r+fϪpdM"|wVΟ5Q%tdHTm?ToT\X%S*˞X5RVS+ӚΙ bKݏ)VtUM60 Vl,ChU}T=k)bPI&Ҫ {*1_SSϫVz/8Е+Kvv?qe qS-clm@D?1栊#&ё4WFҗ+<.9iNc !'V.h'db)lL)!dsO,Oj608+ >C>rtlH'EninGX}T+(/e*Lsa[>cOJFc#/c*Hc# psJOܦzeFvC%9pY>/ٕ#&IU_/?O E~ZXc*Y.DZ0Uϔ]F5Vݱf.b>Z` HPGS)$YWfFLU{n#Tˑ_+EoCOߓЅXhbRq=0+<)f?9|ٶXW#P\5 <~,*}TOݙj*ZUBH0oUAGLĻ֥;Tv*pA'󬣇q.`FhhmMg*+fAIm2OXMq+C?.kӋ'%>Z*zA۸ T;IJxTQphsǕjַ ~_@<`Ic\-=(ee#ZKa5*ȆT`Z,=Mbe(}N>lkBG.G ~jKch6G*-A4b-Ozjo8p~TUf:xqYd ѹY }ILʹ_ 87k4cV@pzՏ+xN>U{&p1RX? 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Many parents of children)Tj T* 0 Tc [(with speech sound disorders repor)-21(t also having expe-)]TJ T* -0.012 Tc (rienced these types of disorders themselves. T)Tj 18.89855 0 TD 0 Tw (herefore,)Tj -18.89855 -1.42858 TD 0 Tc 0.029 Tw (studies of parents can shed light both on the familial)Tj 0 -1.42857 TD (aspects and adult outcomes of these conditions. )Tj 0 -2.34287 TD [(One hundred and for)-21(ty seven parents from the)]TJ 0 -1.42857 TD [(g)-21(reater Cleveland, Ohio area par)-21(ticipated in this study)]TJ T* 0 Tw (\(5)Tj 0.95896 0.00001 TD 0.029 Tw [(8 fathers and 89 mothers\). P)20(arents were assessed)]TJ -0.95896 -1.42858 TD (for speech, language and reading disorders. 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W)20(ith funding for the last)]TJ 0 -1.62162 TD [(1)41(9 years from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders \(N)-21(I)-21(DCD\),)]TJ T* (she and colleagues have been able to follow children with speech sound disorders from preschool)Tj 0 -1.62163 TD (to school age to adolescence to determine long-term outcomes for children with early childhood)Tj 0 -1.62162 TD (speech and language disorders.)Tj 0 -2.48649 TD (A g)Tj 1.4669 0 TD (rowing body of evidence suggests an underlying genetic basis for speech sound disorders, the)Tj -1.4669 -1.62163 TD (most common speech and language disorder in children. Despite this, researchers have not identi-)Tj 0 -1.62162 TD [(fied a par)-21(ticular gene which predisposes children to this condition; however)41(, several candidate)]TJ T* (genes are presently being studied. Dr)Tj 16.66261 0 TD (. 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Specifically)41(, the likelihood of experiencing lan-)]TJ T* (guage impairment increased by a factor of more than)Tj T* (four for each additional family member with language)Tj 0 -1.42857 TD (impairment, while the odds of speech sound disor-)Tj T* (ders increased more than twofold for each additional)Tj T* [(family member with speech sound disorders. T)20(his)]TJ 0 -1.42858 TD [(suggests that the risk for these d)6(i)6(s)6(o)6(r)6(d)6(e)6(r)6(s)6( )6(i)6(n)6(c)6(r)6(e)6(a)6(s)6(e)6(s)6( )6(a)6(s)]TJ T* -0.006 Tc (more relatives are affected and illustrates that speech)Tj T* 0 Tw (sound)Tj 2.87695 0 TD 0.029 Tw (disorders and language impairment agg)Tj 16.35906 0 TD 0 Tw (regate)Tj -19.23601 -1.42858 TD 0.029 Tw [(in families and often occur together)41(.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 270 432.902 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn -0.012 Tc 0.029 Tw [(T)19(he Long T)82(erm Effects of Speech Sound Disorders)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F6 1 Tf 8.75 0 0 8.75 270 420.402 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.029 Tw [(Dr)41(. Lewis and colleagues compared adults with a histo-)]TJ 0 -1.42857 TD (ry of speech sound disorders to those without a history)Tj T* 0 Tc [(of these disorders. T)20(hey found that adults with and)]TJ T* -0.018 Tc (without a history of speech sound disorders had similar)Tj T* (occupational levels and academic attainment. 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F)19(a)-1(m)-1(i)-1(l)-1(i)-1(a)-1(l)-1( )-1(a)-1(g)-1(g)-22(regation of phonolog)-21(ical disorders: Results from a 2)20(8-year follow-up. )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F22 1 Tf 6.75 0 0 6.75 399.9603 235.3734 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.053 Tc 0.029 Tw (Journal of Speech and Hearing Research)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 6.75 0 0 6.75 511.0284 235.3734 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.053 Tc 0.029 Tw [(, 3)20(8: 1)40(09)40(1)4140(1)41(0)40(7)124(.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 3.375 0 0 3.375 54.9173 229.0609 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F1 1 Tf 6.75 0 0 6.75 59.4173 226.3734 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.018 Tc 0.029 Tw [(T)81(omblin, J., Records, N., Buckwalter)41(, P)81(., Zhang, X., Smith, E., & O\325Brien, M. \(1)41(99)40(7\). 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All Rights Reserved.Adobe Garamond is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Adobe Garamond Small Caps & Oldstyle FiguresAdobe Garamond 4DIVCFSU$OJMET}-;T$5{kI=ML;f[J[ؐÂ}~qglA>,9RjM\Z_ObT7b||\Duqߋ)} T>FweZYdiO:;Nfhɀа{qd@--5׋勭\TВKJcmkАhlkkl` $zFtFaz $p`Dr<F`xz $t`tЏdlkkld $zFNqk'}Lϯ=J]mn~kunntk $}t'.(dG1*j!Џdlkkli $zF=T5 YF`xzz $Vg|upgfbZQPYx{JzssxF`xzxÓ۴\0\ZS:SSxzJ״KP@ ?}( XInjk]jqXH_ү|Vg}vȋ˼ً^gMcpƥXhish&SXBSdr{(F֋  yXO  endstream endobj 32 0 obj << /Flags 34 /Descent -255 /FontName/PPFYEM+AGaramond-RegularSC /FontBBox[-183 -269 1099 851] /Ascent 715 /ItalicAngle 0 /FontFile3 31 0 R /StemV 76 /Type/FontDescriptor /XHeight 676 /CapHeight 660 /StemH 0 >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1 /Encoding 30 0 R /Name/F2 /Type/Font /Widths[696 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 489 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 481 501 573 448 0 0 610 286 0 0 422 0 579 0 0 0 486 374 468 550] /BaseFont/PPFYEM+AGaramond-RegularSC /LastChar 117 /FirstChar 67 /FontDescriptor 32 0 R >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Differences[102/f 111/o 114/r] /Type/Encoding /BaseEncoding/MacRomanEncoding >> endobj 35 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1C /Length 1460 /Length1 1460 >> stream ZHFJCC+LaFigura@"P     P 1998 [T-26] a digital type foundry 1110 N. 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All Rights Reserved.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle is a trademark of International Typeface Corporation.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle MediumBerkeley1PMJDZ#SFG]"Q%-XTBOEIHVlKDL+v\z_Q ; -mrܱe$6\m|Rq3l@W9(Y6K\8qqt{"NCW2;,C2A@ eۢ4;t$' JUW;rp hpi[mvwdw1b[mkjbki|p hpi rwxqrwwrb{L,okb{a ViXJECW2;,̣=wvn^>YePXb3ϳڴڲ萗?~".LmJ6\AmzYB5ȢŷG'.me$w'ly.ej3.Tmi]r`wHJkטHxy`]^ackjki|p hpi[mb{.kfcyZbf\.L (̦PʫL_F#ݦ9ꡥruEeJ>oUөt"մv빱/1-ڻ峧"4;N;34;T3+^?ܳ׼ְҰm-7ʱ8.ʤ˞ݿM¸HmAx Z>p5,k)}Wp(2 8p{w~g,w1u{u~RY3UƢBye"̚kak c5[1Nj%HLrUcF~n_}b{B/hqbl]iyʭgX6d5TdοUfO-܆(X!!OE|Ҏf^X-`cXgz#G^feXkjki|p hpe_m*w/hpe_m{ekwlocsao{uW;rp fg_);9$ ŸAB[m-kwcgz#G^feXW;rp hpcam*w/hpe_m=EWwnQNג pO0ȄāL <$rLHPaq gdpmnkz WxRgMj4B. 48SX7u鱀s}tXmnntws *?A*@UsWN`Pا6K-{w]O(kj؇ki|p Nkk`t[E0kj؇ki|p  I[pxx 7  endstream endobj 40 0 obj << /Flags 34 /Descent -246 /FontName/AFFALM+Berkeley-Medium /FontBBox[-93 -255 1083 842] /Ascent 705 /ItalicAngle 0 /FontFile3 39 0 R /StemV 78 /Type/FontDescriptor /XHeight 712 /CapHeight 635 /StemH 0 >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1 /Encoding 38 0 R /Name/F4 /Type/Font /Widths[259 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 259 0 519 519 519 0 0 0 0 0 519 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 648 549 0 704 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 0 444 537 444 296 481 556 278 0 0 278 0 556 519 537 0 370 389 0 556 0 722 0 481 0 0 222] /BaseFont/AFFALM+Berkeley-Medium /LastChar 124 /FirstChar 32 /FontDescriptor 40 0 R >> endobj 42 0 obj << /Differences[32/space 44/comma 65/A 67/C/D 71/G 76/L 80/P 82/R/S/T/U 87/W 97/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i 108/l/m/n/o/p 114/r/s/t/u/v 121/y] /Type/Encoding /BaseEncoding/MacRomanEncoding >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1C /Length 3979 /Length1 3979 >> stream RIJXPE+Berkeley-Book?5    chCopyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated. 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Milwaukee Ave. Chicago, IL 60622 USA T0323 ID#5092594 Designer: Jim Marcus/Gomiko All rights reserved.LaFigura "fJ_ O2A(yrztb O ub O2  _  TaO  endstream endobj 76 0 obj << /Flags 34 /Descent -372 /FontName/ESWCBQ+LaFigura /FontBBox[-654 -444 896 550] /Ascent 329 /ItalicAngle 0 /FontFile3 75 0 R /StemV 13 /Type/FontDescriptor /XHeight 357 /CapHeight 329 /StemH 0 >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1 /Encoding 74 0 R /Name/F13 /Type/Font /Widths[113] /BaseFont/ESWCBQ+LaFigura /LastChar 32 /FirstChar 32 /FontDescriptor 76 0 R >> endobj 78 0 obj << /Differences[32/space] /Type/Encoding /BaseEncoding/MacRomanEncoding >> endobj 79 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1C /Length 310 /Length1 310 >> stream WDHUMH+StoneSans-SemiboldAG}^     y Copyright (c) 1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. 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All rights reserved.Stone is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Stone Sans SemiboldStoneSans'0$64/3&")587*:+^ad!Ul$"vz!^P P!zzz~*"*k7eX(0]](0Xe7k'W W'* &[GB,;Sb-4֢dfwY|U:3$vyw!P@S.R:EG.`0 c&-%%ujK;,?-.`T_X>ݱϳ;[uԋ2-9Zƴ汹vPPPH34$PI45v!M!tñ> endobj 101 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1 /Encoding 98 0 R /Name/F19 /Type/Font /Widths[287 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 671 0 542 508 0 741 307 0 0 0 0 783 788 0 0 611 556 593 722 657 995 0 630] /BaseFont/TBCRXJ+StoneSans-Semibold /LastChar 89 /FirstChar 32 /FontDescriptor 100 0 R >> endobj 102 0 obj << /Differences[32/space 49/one 98/b/c 101/e/f 105/i 108/l 111/o/p 114/r 121/y] /Type/Encoding /BaseEncoding/MacRomanEncoding >> endobj 103 0 obj << /Subtype/Type1C /Length 1530 /Length1 1530 >> stream UCFEZJ+Berkeley-Italic@   %!>Copyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated. 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